General concepts of systems. Discrete and continuous systems. Modelling and simulation of systems. State vari­ables. Event scheduling. Comparison of analytical and simulation modelling techniques. General structure of a discrete-event simulation system. Probabilistic aspects of simulation. Simulation languages and software. Statistical models in simulation. Random number and random variate generation techniques. Queu­ing models in simulation. Input modelling. Verification and validation of simulation models. Output (statistical) analysis and representation of simulation results. Applications of simulation.