In this course the structure, function and metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and nucleic acids will be discussed. Classes of hormones, mechanisms of hormones and hormonal regulation will be studied. There will be a focus on cellular respiration and homeostasis including Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (Kreb’s cycle), Oxidative Phosphorylation, Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Ketogenesis, Pentose Phosphate Pathway. The regulation of these pathways as well as their energy usage and enzymatic mechanisms will also be studied.  Additionally, the cellular stress response will be covered along with free redicals, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, mitochondrial and oxidative stress with examples from disease pathogeneses.